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What is a basement? Does it have to have a minimum headroom? The rest of the world thinks of a basement as being an occupiable space. The FEMA Technical Guide =Requirements for Flood Openings in Foundation Walls and Walls of Enclosures on page 5 lists a definition. Basement: Area of a building ...

According to a 2023 study by HGA (a design firm) and the University of Minnesota (see https://hga.com/climate-forward/), most A&E firms are not taking future sea level rise, or for that matter, the other aspects of climate change adaptation into account in their projects. Few firms are using climate ...

One of my firm's clients is a municipal water utility situated between two rivers, and they have begun trying to incorporate climate change considerations into their future planning and design efforts. Most of it is related to the rainfall side of climate change, but a certain portion is related to ...

I think Mr. Winkler is heading in the right direction, but this question is far more robust that probably any of us accurately recognize. First off, IPCC itself really doesn't know which models are "truly" correct. Second, site specific effects of all the storm parameters (storm surge, wave set up, ...

T here are many general and regional guidelines – authored by different federal and state agencies, and others. But, blanket adoption of such guidelines – may either prove too conservative or inadequate. This is because the hydraulics of a certain project location may not often align ...

A big challenge with sea level rise is what model to believe and how much stock to put in ordinances or design guidelines. They are probably wrong as the uncertainties with the rise of sea level are too significant, and then there is what we do not know. I think designing for sea level rise is a situation ...